Movement variability in the golf swing: theoretical, methodological, and practical issues.

Methodological considerations for the 3D measurement of the X-factor and lower trunk movement in golf.

It is believed that increasing the X-factor (movement of the shoulders relative to the hips) during the golf swing can increase ball velocity at impact. Increasing the X-factor may also increase the risk of low back pain. The aim of this study was to provide recommendations for the three-dimensional (3D) measurement of the X-factor and lower trunk movement during the golf swing. This three-part...

Title: Movement variability in the golf swing of male and female skilled golfers Running title: Golf swing variability in skilled golfers Authors and affiliations:

Synchronized metronome training induces changes in the kinematic properties of the golf swing.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate possible effects of synchronized metronome training (SMT) on movement dynamics during golf-swing performance, as captured by kinematic analysis. A one-group, between-test design was applied on 13 male golfers (27.5 +/- 4.6 years old, 12.7 +/- 4.9 handicap) who completed 12 sessions of SMT over a four-week period. Pre- and post-assessments of golf swings...

Effects of focus of attention depend on golfers' skill.

In this study, we examined the influence of internal and external attention instructions on the performance of a pitch shot by golfers who were either highly skilled (mean handicap = 4) or low skilled (mean handicap = 26). Ten golfers in each skill group used a 9-iron to pitch a ball as close as possible to an orange pylon, which was located at distances of 10, 15, 20 or 25 m from the golfer. F...

Movement variability in the golf swing of male and female skilled golfers.

BACKGROUND Despite the complexity of movement, the swings of skilled golfers are considered to be highly consistent. Interestingly, no direct investigation of movement variability or coupling variability during the swings of skilled golfers has occurred. PURPOSE To determine whether differences in movement variability exist between male and female skilled golfers during the downswing of the f...